Datacenters built into satellites to take advantage of unlimited solar energy. Primarily employed for AI, Google (see
Project Suncatcher), SpaceX, Blue Origin, Starcloud, Aetherflux and China Aerospace and Technology are involved with space datacenters.
Massive Problems to Overcome
As Anastasi in Tech says, "it's time to put the clouds in the cloud." However, it is not that simple. The GPUs need shielding to keep them from harmful space radiation. Although space solar panels are much more efficient, large panels are required, and for a massive AI datacenter a huge array of panels is necessary. Although space is cold, satellites fly in a vacuum. To overcome the difficulty of dissipating heat from the GPUs, radiators the size of football fields must be used, adding massive weight to the satellites as well as cost to launch them into space.
As the satellite orbits, there is a 300-degree temperature swing from 120 degrees to minus 170, causing thermal stress on the structures. Although the electronics are wrapped in multiple layers of insulation combined with heaters, there is no telling how time will affect the equipment.
In addition, getting signals back to earth at the rate required of a massive AI datacenter is problematic in space due to interference in the atmostphere. All these problems have been overcome with current satellite systems, but putting a hyperscale datacenter in orbit is another story. Although launch costs are coming down all the time, the sheer volume of equipment in an orbital datacenter is another story.
Datacenters on the Moon
Instead of orbital, a proposed option is to build datacenters on the moon. However, solar storms are a major problem requiring hardened chips and massive shielding that can cost up to a hundred times more than regular chips. In addition, state-of-the-art chips might be too vulnerable, and if older chips are used, performance slows. In addition, moon dust will gradually degrade the hardware, and to add even more misery to the equation, the moon gets 14 days of sunlight and 14 days of darkness. Massive battery storage would be required. In addition, the moon has extreme changes of temperature from 120 degrees Celcius to minus 130 degrees. Another problem is that transmission to and from the moon takes nearly three seconds compared with up to 50 milliseconds from satellites in orbit. In addition, it can cost up to 20 times more to send equipment to the moon than into orbit.